Brezhnev doctrine

Quick facts for kids Álvaro Cunhal
Minister without Portfolio
In office 16 May  – 8 August
Prime Minister	Adelino da Palma Carlos Vasco Gonçalves
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Jorge Campinos
General Secretary of the Portuguese Communist Party
In office 31 March  – 5 December
Preceded by	Bento Gonçalves
Succeeded by	Carlos Carvalhas
Personal details
Born	Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal ()10 November Coimbra, Portugal
Died	13 June () (aged 91) Lisbon, Portugal
Political party	Portuguese Communist Party
Domestic partner	Isaura Moreira (–)
Children	Ana Cunhal
Alma mater	University of Lisbon

Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈaɫvɐɾu kuˈɲaɫ]; 10 November – 13 June ) was a Portuguese communist revolutionary and politician.

He was one of the major opponents of the dictatorial regime of the Estado Novo. He served as secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) from to He was one of the most pro-Soviet of all Western Europe communist leaders, often supporting the Soviet Union's foreign policies, including the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in During the s, Cunhal supported Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev’s political agenda, and strongly opposed Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika policies in the s.

Life

Cunhal was born in Coimbra, the third child of Avelino Henriques da Costa Cunhal (Seia, Seia, 28 October – Coimbra, Sé Nova, 19 December ) and wife (m.

Coimbra, Sé Nova, 22 August ) Mercedes Simões Ferreira Barreirinhas (Coimbra, Sé Nova, 5 May – Lisbon, 12 September ). His father was a lawyer in Coimbra and Seia, and later on in Lisbon, and came from a family of rural bourgeoisie, related to a rich and more aristocratic family, the Cunhal Patrício. His mother was a devout Catholic who wished her son had also become one.

He also studied Law at the University of Lisbon, where he joined the Portuguese Communist Party, which was an illegal organisation, in The deaths of his younger sister Maria Mansueta Barrerinhas Cunhal (Coimbra – Seia, 13 January ) and of his older brother António José Barreirinhas Cunhal (Coimbra, – Lisbon, ) struck the grief of both his parents and brothers, but specially of his mother and Álvaro, of whom they had always been close.

Cunhal e brezhnev biography images Retrieved 5 August Cunhal's support for the Soviet Union was controversial, especially during the Cold War, when many Western countries were opposed to Soviet policies. Mar 4, Metropolitan area A metropolitan area is a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories sharing industries, commercial areas, transport networks, infrastructures, and housing. His drawings, made while in prison, were published, revealing his sensibility for the arts, as was also shown by his translation of King Lear by Shakespeare edited in his last years, and originally written under the female pseudonym Maria Manuela Serpa.

He visited the Soviet Union for the first time in to attend the Seventh World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow. He joined the Central Committee of the party in His first arrest occurred in , at the age of

He then taught for some months at the Colégio Moderno, in Lisbon. Among his pupils was the future President of Portugal, Mário Soares, who would become one of his great political rivals after the coup of From to , Cunhal lived "underground" and became the de facto party leader.

Arrested by the PIDE in , he remained in prison for 11 years until a spectacular escape from the seaside Peniche prison in The government of António Salazar claimed that a Soviet submarine was near the Peniche coast waiting for Cunhal. In , Cunhal was elected as the party's secretary-general, following the death of Bento Gonçalves in the political prisoners colony of Tarrafal in Cape Verde.

Cunhal lived in exile in Moscow, where his daughter Ana Cunhal was born on December 25, , and Paris until the Carnation Revolution of April

Back in Portugal, Cunhal took charge of the newly-legalized Portuguese Communist Party and led the party through the political upheavals which followed the revolution.

Cunhal e brezhnev biography Read Edit View history. Consultado em 15 de novembro de Carmelinda Pereira. All the above titles have appeared in English, translated by Eric A.

He was minister without portfolio in several of the provisional governments which followed the revolution of A faction of army officers seen as aligned with the party dominated the post-revolutionary provisional governments, with the pro-communist prime minister Vasco Gonçalves leading four provisional governments, which brought accusations that the party was attempting to take power via the military.

Cunhal was largely responsible for the party's hardline attitude, particularly its hostility towards the Socialist Party led by Soares, which prevented the formation of a united left.

Cunhal left his office in He was succeeded by Carlos Carvalhas, but his voice remained important in the following years, and he consistently sided with the party's most orthodox wing.

He also revealed that under the pseudonymManuel Tiago he had been the author of several neo-realistic novels. His drawings, made while in prison, were published, revealing his sensibility for the arts, as was also shown by his translation of King Lear by Shakespeare (edited in his last years, and originally written under the female pseudonym Maria Manuela Serpa).

Álvaro Cunhal died in Lisbon in , after several years out of the public eye.

Cunhal e brezhnev biography wikipedia Main article: Portuguese Constituent Assembly election. Campo da Morte Lenta. His drawings, made while in prison, were published, revealing his sensibility for the arts, as was also shown by his translation of King Lear by Shakespeare edited in his last years, and originally written under the female pseudonym Maria Manuela Serpa. The Salazar government claimed that a Soviet submarine was waiting for Cunhal off the Peniche coast.

His funeral took place on 15 June in Lisbon and was attended by more than , people.

His only remaining sister Maria Eugénia Barreirinhas Cunhal (Lisbon, 17 January – 10 December ) had also been a lifelong party militant. She married in Lisbon on 21 May medical doctor Fernando Manuel da Rocha de Medina (Lisbon, 15 March – Lisbon, 9 September ), half-cousin of Ambassador Rui Eduardo Barbosa de Medina, and left four children.

Works

• IV Congresso do Partido Communista Português — O Caminho Para o Derrubamento do Fascismo.
• Duas intervenções numa reunião de quadros.
• Rumo à Vitória - As Tarefas do Partido na Revolução Democrática e Nacional.
• A Questão do Estado, Questão Central de Cada Revolução.
• A Verdade e a Mentira sobre a Revolução de Abril.
• Acção Revolucionária, Capitulação e Aventura.
• O Partido Com Paredes de Vidro.
• A Revolução Portuguesa - O Passado e o Futuro.
• Fracasso e Derrota do Governo de Direita do PSD/Cavaco Silva.
• O 1º Governo PSD e a Resistência Democrática.
• Falência da Política de Direita do PS (–).
• Os Chamados Governos de Iniciativa Presidencial.

Fiction works under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago

Cunhal was also a fiction writer, with several novels under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago, which he recognized as his own only in He also made the drawings for the original edition of Soeiro Pereira Gomes' book Esteiros.

He published the following books under the pseudonym of Manuel Tiago:

• Até Amanhã, Camaradas (adapted to television series in ).
• Cinco Dias, Cinco Noites (adapted to film in ).
• A Estrela de Seis Pontas.
• A Casa de Eulália.
• Lutas e Vidas. Um conto.
• Os Corrécios e outros Contos.
• Um Risco na Areia.
• Fronteiras.

See also

In Spanish: Álvaro Cunhal para niños

• Armed Revolutionary Action